tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-164656552024-03-06T15:00:04.833-05:00Industrial Heritage and ArchaeologyTimothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.comBlogger35125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-72840968234074472152018-01-25T16:19:00.000-05:002018-01-25T16:36:18.312-05:00Thermal Imaging and "seeing the unseen" at Industrial Heritage Sites<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After years of talking about our potential to collaborate on remote sensing and geospatial mapping technologies, I finally had an opportunity to work with some colleagues at the <a href="http://www.mtri.org/">Michigan Tech Research Institute</a> (MTRI). We decided to scrape together some resources so we could experiment. <a href="mailto:rjdobson@mtu.edu">Rick Dobson</a>, Research Scientist, and David Banach, Assistant Research Scientist, were both going to be in Houghton in July for some other important meetings. We convinced their boss to extend their visit so that we could get a few days to fly UAVs over industrial heritage sites in the Copper Country. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUusXRQslFFT4FzNaif936L4AuSGMM82_snwrT0sxnWvU5M0yu5ytjoyRzW672g7nhHNMcahv0P1dWZtFSlCVvEr5CxCW02N_d1B5C05_o4ksImyAlOk-SiXVJ3rk87l2hWoWCjQ/s1600/Figure3.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #fce5cd; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="768" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUusXRQslFFT4FzNaif936L4AuSGMM82_snwrT0sxnWvU5M0yu5ytjoyRzW672g7nhHNMcahv0P1dWZtFSlCVvEr5CxCW02N_d1B5C05_o4ksImyAlOk-SiXVJ3rk87l2hWoWCjQ/s1600/Figure3.png" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 17.12px;">Figure 1: The Bergen Hexacopter and FLIR camera flying at the Quincy Smelter.</span></b><br />
<div>
<b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 17.12px;"><br /></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">I took David and Rick to different places. After considering the gear we had and the time of year, we decided to focus our efforts on the Quincy Smelter site (Figure 1). The <a href="https://www.nps.gov/kewe/learn/historyculture/quincy-smelter.htm">Quincy Smelter</a> is the last standing 19th Century copper smelter in the country. Built in 1908 by the Quincy Mining Company, people worked at the smelter until 1971, when the company finally shut down the operation. The company locked the doors and left the site alone, with the hope they could reopen and resume operations in the future. The reopening never happened, but even after years of neglect, the facility is still remarkably intact. The National Park Service recognized the importance of the smelter as a heritage resource, including it in the Quincy Mining Company National Historic Landmark District and ultimately within the boundaries of Keweenaw National Historical Park. While the Franklin Township held the property for many years, caring for it as well they could, the Keweenaw National Historical Park Advisory Commission finally acquired the property. With the help of the <a href="http://www.quincymine.com/">Quincy Mine Hoist Association</a> and the <a href="http://quincysmelterassociation.blogspot.com/">Quincy Smelter Association</a>, the site is now open for guided tours Monday through Saturday, late June through mid-October. (Information on Facebook sites <a href="https://www.facebook.com/quincyminehoistassociation/">here</a> and <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Quincy-Smelter-Association-371018939712036/">here</a>!)</span></span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNIeckbJiudHN4jvJAVXZr59mUPb33IGS4VYuvWVKMSX4ezm5ok-Zk8RDiS8FD_rSI1v9kO9QAMDNdUzNGWVtI5nxiVzngbiL10VhiOpmqhYGdPuxiymVhOjKwAOiOpY9ThZMZBA/s1600/Figure5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #fce5cd; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="764" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNIeckbJiudHN4jvJAVXZr59mUPb33IGS4VYuvWVKMSX4ezm5ok-Zk8RDiS8FD_rSI1v9kO9QAMDNdUzNGWVtI5nxiVzngbiL10VhiOpmqhYGdPuxiymVhOjKwAOiOpY9ThZMZBA/s1600/Figure5.jpg" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Figure 2: GIS overlay of 1906 plan map superimposed over a geo-referenced aerial image, showing the location of the Slag Shed and Scales building, and some underground water pipe locations. These were some of the targets we were investigating.</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Reports and publications from this work will be submitted to the Keweenaw National Historical Park Advisory Commission so the information can be used to guide future management decisions and in the development of interpretive programming. Copies will also be archived at Michigan Tech's <a href="http://www.mtu.edu/library/archives/">University Archives and Historical Collections</a>, and if given permission, we will make them free to download from the <a href="http://www.mtu.edu/social-sciences/research/reports/">Department of Social Sciences website</a>.</span></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; text-align: right;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5M9eVuVegM3BZRUWt5faIy2tS7kbIHNB710tKwBLVoIOXwPDjnDFs8WEultV7-v_en7HudPCwB9vIvq7HLG34PjdSY0r61yBKCQz4L8H5CdgrMCnuoEflCr6YzWDDNCM1GOuaWg/s1600/Quincy_SlagShed.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="1056" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5M9eVuVegM3BZRUWt5faIy2tS7kbIHNB710tKwBLVoIOXwPDjnDFs8WEultV7-v_en7HudPCwB9vIvq7HLG34PjdSY0r61yBKCQz4L8H5CdgrMCnuoEflCr6YzWDDNCM1GOuaWg/s1600/Quincy_SlagShed.png" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Figure 3. Geo-referenced high-resolution photogrammetric DEM with the 1906 Slag Shed and Scales outlined in red.</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: right;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: right;"><br /></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq2hMcoHY2mxwqsHnkzkrlcagReXTjGje5VgHCKgL2Jmk4Oj0IPvX1INP9Bjn3M3N4_rhr1rPmmBHms8vXV0F-3cg-f5eixszSceanMOZIqcd-mWkcWXRyiDsjhAql-NwETM7bLw/s1600/Figure1.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #fce5cd; clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="768" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq2hMcoHY2mxwqsHnkzkrlcagReXTjGje5VgHCKgL2Jmk4Oj0IPvX1INP9Bjn3M3N4_rhr1rPmmBHms8vXV0F-3cg-f5eixszSceanMOZIqcd-mWkcWXRyiDsjhAql-NwETM7bLw/s400/Figure1.png" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 17.12px;">Figure 4: FLIR Vue Pro R thermal camera onboard of the Bergen Hexacopter.</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjub-5fmvpc3xogEJ4MqxnncFqKH02FmkWa3FgrurWG6ERAUzbQwaCb_z6ju0B7gZIUZXI1VbTqB6HvySsg6HVui1UdJ8hs5l-ctH3zdW8ur9zBQLWRGADuoWDbh-HxNqudLkTRfA/s1600/Figure2.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #fce5cd; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="768" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjub-5fmvpc3xogEJ4MqxnncFqKH02FmkWa3FgrurWG6ERAUzbQwaCb_z6ju0B7gZIUZXI1VbTqB6HvySsg6HVui1UdJ8hs5l-ctH3zdW8ur9zBQLWRGADuoWDbh-HxNqudLkTRfA/s400/Figure2.png" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 17.12px;"><b>Figure 5: The Bergen Hexacopter and FLIR camera at the Quincy Smelter</b><b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<div>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; line-height: 17.12px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLV77UWy1UWhELs-gZEwWFRac_1dfcA4V8oKSbDk34M010qmybU6vrzn0mFYUDScR2IvlksXNKN3iyYVDc0oF48Upgbmavy3fBvSyUnJMRVDcQ6U4jRwFwToi6yBtE-NrSTsdFiQ/s1600/Figure7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #fce5cd; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="764" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLV77UWy1UWhELs-gZEwWFRac_1dfcA4V8oKSbDk34M010qmybU6vrzn0mFYUDScR2IvlksXNKN3iyYVDc0oF48Upgbmavy3fBvSyUnJMRVDcQ6U4jRwFwToi6yBtE-NrSTsdFiQ/s1600/Figure7.jpg" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Figure 6: Geo-referenced FLIR Vue Pro R thermal imagery overlain on the photogrammetric DEM with the 1906 Slag Shed and Scales outlined. Differential thermal patterns reveal indications of some sub-surface structures at the location of the Slag Shed and Scales building.</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;">After reviewing and mosaicking the thermal imagery, cooler sub-surface
features appeared where the Slag Shed and Scales building once existed in 1906. Lots of features! Some of these features, like the lumber scrap around the standing shed, are on the surface of the ground and are visible in the optical
imagery. But most of the patterned strips that look like railroad ties are invisible and nobody had any idea they were there (Figure 6 and 7). At first glance, David thought these features were ties for rail tracks, but because they are geo-referenced and imported into ArcMap, he could measure them. The smaller features measure nearly seven feet, much larger than
today’s standard 4.5-foot tie for modern gauge track (details in Figure 7). They may be cross ties for rail track, since larger size ties were used. Another possibility is that these features are some sort of
foundational support for the Slag Shed and Scales building.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1et_c5NbuoRFM2yVxtinEz4-4J0loIGNxUmg_joXa9sBtU11om8DUAouOkWJXP4XZpqyktytsi7tKrr00KTAlmx_Eoy2HpojiX-C1jd57XECnj-DLlGJmC0H7z-Kkl6TBSGRRGA/s1600/Quincy_645am_Overview_Map_zoomed.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="1056" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1et_c5NbuoRFM2yVxtinEz4-4J0loIGNxUmg_joXa9sBtU11om8DUAouOkWJXP4XZpqyktytsi7tKrr00KTAlmx_Eoy2HpojiX-C1jd57XECnj-DLlGJmC0H7z-Kkl6TBSGRRGA/s1600/Quincy_645am_Overview_Map_zoomed.png" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Figure 7. Detail of geo-referenced FLIR Thermal Image photomosaic superimposed on the DEM in the area of the Slag Shed and Scales Building.</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222;">We will have to do some "ground truthing" to find out what the different types of anomalies actually are under the ground! I will ask my students in Fall 2019 if they'd like to volunteer to help with some of the testing to assess the thermal anomalies. Right now, we've shared our findings with other archaeologists that have done work at the site over the years to get their thoughts. Hopefully we will be able to find funds to continue the study. We'd like to do another round of thermal imaging during the evening "cool down" as the ground emits all the energy it has absorbed during the day. I'd also like to add data captured using multi- and/or hyper-spectral instruments, since the different energy spectra all can reveal different potential about the site. </span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: #222222;">My colleague Jeremy Shannon and his students ran some Ground Penetrating Radar at the site, and we'd like to pull his data into the GIS. If we can get some additional equipment for Tech's GPR, we'd also be able to more efficiently scan the entire work yard space at the smelter. The GPR has potential to add information about more deeply buried features, such as pipes and the boundary between the poor rock fill and the original shoreline and lake bottom.</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">I am grateful to Rick and David and my colleagues at MTRI for their willingness to collaborate. Remote sensing and digitization tools are becoming much more readily available to archaeologists after a long period where only elite research institutions had common access to these technologies. I know that Rick and David are terribly busy with <a href="http://www.mtri.org/projects.html">other research projects</a> and I really value their efforts to help me spark some collaborative work. We are also using this material to create educational materials we can use in classrooms at Michigan Tech where students can use our tools to look at local sites and solve real world problems for local organizations. These are interesting and important technologies for industrial heritage and emerging professionals in the field must know how to use them, as operators and/or collaborators!</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Michigan Technological University's Industrial Archaeology students have helped the preservation efforts in many ways over the years, by volunteering time as archaeologists conducting <a href="http://industrialarchaeology.blogspot.com/2010/09/fire-at-quincy-smelter-site.html">forensic rescue</a> excavation and recovery after an arson in 2010, assisting with cultural resources monitoring during ongoing environmental remediations, and advocating as volunteers within the community as part of the Quincy Smelter Association. Exemplary of that work, check out this <a href="https://quincysmelter.wordpress.com/">blog</a> that Sean Gohman and Craig Wilson put together as part of that effort! They included lots of photographs, maps, and historical discussion about the smelter. That blog is now an archived resource. The <a href="http://www.coppercountryexplorer.com/">Copper Country Explorer</a> is an independent website by Mark Forgrave has published lots of <a href="http://www.coppercountryexplorer.com/2009/11/welcome-to-the-quincy-smelter/">pics and information</a> about the Quincy Smelter.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Quincy Smelter is typical of legacy sites in industrial heritage because it included a landscape with a legacy of environmental contamination that posed both ecological and public health hazards. Rather than acting hastily to demolish the site, many different partners worked for years to find ways to secure the site, remediate the toxic materials that posed threats to health or ecological systems, and start the bring the site back. The Environmental Protection Agency just published a short summary of the story of the smelter, <a href="https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/196768.pdf">Quincy Smelter: From Stamp Sands to National Historic Park</a>. Michigan Tech students and faculty have supported the efforts to make wise decisions through the remediation process. As two examples, Fred Sutherland and Sean Gohman have both monitored remediation and clean up projects in past years. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These legacies make the smelter an ideal laboratory for us where we can test the applications of various remote sensing technologies and work through the data fusion challenges, while also contributing to a long term preservation and interpretation effort. Can we use remote sensing technologies to map underground features? That would be much less expensive than having an archaeology crew do subsurface testing of the entire smelter complex to find those features. Once identified, the managers can plan to avoid important features during redevelopment. Can remote sensing help identify targets of that have high risk of toxic contaminants? Doing so will also help with planning. Understanding the subsurface "landscape" of historical features is essential to thoughtful and wise planning as the KNHP Advisory Commission and it's partners work to preserve the site and bring it back to life.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We started last July by flying two instrument platforms: a DJI Phantom Quadcopter fitted with a 14 Megapixel Color Camera and a Bergen Hexacopter with an onboard FLIR Vue Pro R (radiometric) thermal sensor. Before the field days, I had gathered high-resolution scans of historic maps and blueprints of the Quincy Smelter site from the Michigan Tech's archive and the collections at the Keweenaw National Historical Park (some of those maps are also <a href="https://quincysmelter.wordpress.com/?s=maps">here</a>). David set up a Geographic Information System database using all the historic plan maps that I could find. He traced the building footprints so that we could superimpose those plots overtop of any geo-referenced image of the site (Figures 2 and 3).</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: right;">Archaeologists have long used aerial thermal imaging to spot features and sites underground. The technique works because different materials, such as a stone foundation or a capped and buried well shaft, will absorb and radiate heat energy differently and patterns in this "differential thermal loading" therefore can reveal clues about what is buried under the ground. The Bergen Hexacopter UAV platform carried an onboard FLIR Vue Pro R (radiometric) thermal sensor for several flights during the early morning (Figures 4 and 5). We'd received FAA approval for a flight plan in the narrow window of time between civil twilight (when it becomes light enough to see) and actual sunrise. After the sun breaks over the horizon, the thermal energy of direct radiation overwhelms and "washes out" any subtle thermal variation in the ground surface. The drone captured most of our best images during a flight at about 6:45 AM. When researchers use thermal imaging in archaeological survey, it is common for them to also capture a series of images as the landscape cools down, flying between sunset and evening twilight. We didn't have FAA permission to conduct those flights, so we took only "warm up" images as the site began differentially absorbing the ambient energy from morning twilight, before the sun rose over the buildings.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="text-align: right;"></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="text-align: right;"></span></span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="text-align: right;"></span></span>
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="text-align: right;"></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="text-align: right;"></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="text-align: right;">Like a GPS-equipped camera, the sensor captures images that are stored in JPEG format and can be used in GIS software such as ArcMAP and image mosaicking software such as Microsoft Image Composite Editor (ICE). </span><span style="text-align: center;">The FLIR sensor records the radiated thermal energy as it varies from spot to spot on a surface, then assigns a false-color pixel to each value. </span><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;"></span><span style="text-align: right;">This sensor has an imaging resolution of 640 x 512 and can sense temperatures between -4°F and 122°F.</span><span style="text-align: right;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: #222222; text-align: right;"></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222; text-align: right;"></span>
<span style="color: #222222; text-align: right;">David used ICE to mosaic the individual images and then import that mosaic into the GIS. The results of his work were pretty remarkable! (See </span><span style="text-align: right;">Figure 6 below).</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:384pt;height:3in;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:////Users/scarlett/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5"
o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:384pt;height:3in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:////Users/scarlett/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image002.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span>
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: #222222;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In my next post, I'm going to talk more about Rick's photogrammetry work. He has produced a remarkable Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the site with tremendous potential to contribute to site management, study, and interpretation. He is also designing experiments now to compare the applications of LiDAR and optical photogrammetry in industrial heritage. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">If you would like to make a tax deductible gift in support of work at this and the Cliff Mine, you can make a gift to the Michigan Tech Fund online at this address:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.banweb.mtu.edu/mtu/mtf/gift/give.xsql?desig=18143-Cliff%20Mine%20Arch-DeptSocSci-Scarlett">https://www.banweb.mtu.edu/mtu/mtf/gift/give.xsql?desig=18143-Cliff%20Mine%20Arch-DeptSocSci-Scarlett</a></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Or by contacting Benjamin Larson at the Michigan Tech Fund at 906-487-2464 or </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="mailto:balarson@mtu.edu">balarson@mtu.edu</a>. Donated funds provide for student scholarships and equipment purchase and maintenance in the Industrial Heritage and Archaeology program.</span></span><br />
<div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></span></div>
Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-28042988799213992682018-01-24T13:48:00.000-05:002018-01-24T13:48:01.200-05:00Applications of Remote Sensing to Industrial Archaeology and the Heritages of Industry<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Hello blogosphere... it's been a while!</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
I'm going to post a few times to talk about some collaborations I'm doing applying remote sensing technologies to the heritages of industry... </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwR4mJy-OPQ0lkGz80Q5PZ4v6QS2KQ8UsBrT278To7K8ZrSn4wDg4TeKaFjBHdJpGe8cshdZONj584' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFgsgbIqzlx3v_u4xfTuf1UhwghBHhMjJRcrkTABbu9fUhwyJKOvIolsxdpnid2EOcl67KaFmZcLsNeoIC_sIGLhnH1LTYS5IcawA9d2mKI5poRWeXjEt140mSnhjQ4Qd1ciWzXg/s1600/IMG_5096.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFgsgbIqzlx3v_u4xfTuf1UhwghBHhMjJRcrkTABbu9fUhwyJKOvIolsxdpnid2EOcl67KaFmZcLsNeoIC_sIGLhnH1LTYS5IcawA9d2mKI5poRWeXjEt140mSnhjQ4Qd1ciWzXg/s640/IMG_5096.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFgsgbIqzlx3v_u4xfTuf1UhwghBHhMjJRcrkTABbu9fUhwyJKOvIolsxdpnid2EOcl67KaFmZcLsNeoIC_sIGLhnH1LTYS5IcawA9d2mKI5poRWeXjEt140mSnhjQ4Qd1ciWzXg/s1600/IMG_5096.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFgsgbIqzlx3v_u4xfTuf1UhwghBHhMjJRcrkTABbu9fUhwyJKOvIolsxdpnid2EOcl67KaFmZcLsNeoIC_sIGLhnH1LTYS5IcawA9d2mKI5poRWeXjEt140mSnhjQ4Qd1ciWzXg/s1600/IMG_5096.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFgsgbIqzlx3v_u4xfTuf1UhwghBHhMjJRcrkTABbu9fUhwyJKOvIolsxdpnid2EOcl67KaFmZcLsNeoIC_sIGLhnH1LTYS5IcawA9d2mKI5poRWeXjEt140mSnhjQ4Qd1ciWzXg/s1600/IMG_5096.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
I'll see how these look and keep you posted.Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-12220323047549509812016-04-26T14:38:00.001-04:002016-04-26T14:38:42.968-04:00Report and ArticleHello all!<br />
<br />
It has been a while since I updated this blog about our experiments with Supercritical CO2. My students and collaborators were advised to hold off from blogging until the project ended. I'll be posting our archived blog entries over the next few weeks during this spring. But if you are interested to jump ahead and read our final report, you can do so here:<br />
<a href="http://www.mtu.edu/social-sciences/research/reports/Scarlett_Caneba_Final_Report.pdf">http://www.mtu.edu/social-sciences/research/reports/Scarlett_Caneba_Final_Report.pdf</a><br />
<br />
Ms. Helen Tunnicliffe wrote a very nice piece about our work for <i>The Chemical Engineer</i>'s May 2016 issue. You can see a copy of the article free for the next 30 days at this link:<br />
<a href="http://www.thechemicalengineer.com/~/media/Documents/TCE/free-features/899interview.pdf">http://www.thechemicalengineer.com/~/media/Documents/TCE/free-features/899interview.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<br />Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-16356688965091949852013-02-21T20:13:00.000-05:002013-02-21T20:15:35.577-05:00Rural Community Sustainability: Research, Applications, and Engagement in Calumet, Michigan<br />
<br />
Rural Community Sustainability: Research, Applications, and Engagement in Calumet, Michigan<br />
<br />
Dr. Richelle Winkler<br />
<div>
Assistant Professor of Sociology & Demography</div>
<div>
Environmental and Energy Policy Program</div>
<div>
Department of Social Sciences</div>
<div>
Michigan Technological University<br />
<br />
Environmental Engineering Graduate Seminar<br />
Monday, February 25, 2013 3:00-4:00 PM<br />
Great Lakes Research Center (GLRC), room 201<br />
<br />
Rural communities across the United States and around the world have long suffered from diseconomies of scale and dependence upon an exported extractive resource base to outside interests in more urban locations. Most of our rural communities are in decline demographically, economically, and socially. They face unique challenges and opportunities in the context of an increasingly “flat” and globalized world. My research aims to understand how rural communities transition from a legacy of resource dependence and population decline toward vibrant sustainable futures. What are these challenges and opportunities and how can they be overcome?<br />
<br />
This presentation will explore the concept of rural community sustainability and describe ways in which the natural resource/economic base in rural communities is related to age-specific migration patterns. Then, I will focus on a new project underway in Calumet, MI that specifically investigates community efforts toward sustainability in this community with a legacy of natural resource dependence. Taking a community based research approach, I am engaging with community groups to investigate the potential for redevelopment focused on alternative energies, including solar and mine water geothermal.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-39777347851062746412013-02-14T16:59:00.004-05:002013-02-14T17:00:58.610-05:00New AmeriCorps VISTA/OSM Masters of Science in Industrial Archaeology at Michigan Technological University!<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;">The Department of Social Sciences at Michigan Technological University is very pleased to announce our new <b>AmeriCorps VISTA/OSM Masters of Science in Industrial Archaeology.</b> This new degree program allows students to dedicate time to the AmeriCorps VISTA program, where they can help make a difference in industrial communities living with the environmental and social legacies of mining heritage. Michigan Tech seeks students with a passion for community-based and socially-engaged archaeological practice. Details and links for the program website are below.</span><br />
<div>
<br />
<div>
Best regards,</div>
<div>
Tim Scarlett, Graduate Program Director</div>
<div>
Industrial Heritage and Archaeology</div>
<div>
Industrial Archaeology</div>
<div>
<div>
----<br />
<div>
The OSM/VISTA Master of Science degree programs are offered through Michigan Tech’s partnership with the program operated jointly by the United States Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) and the AmeriCorps Volunteer in Service To America (VISTA) program. This unique program blends AmeriCorps service with a master’s degree program and emphasizes practical field experience and research.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Help to Revitalize Underserved Communities</b><br />
OSM/VISTA places volunteers in hundreds of organizations dedicated to renewing the cultures, economies, and environments of historic mining communities. These diverse organizations encounter common challenges stemming from the cultural and environmental legacies of communities that developed their industrial wealth through mining operations. Active OSM/VISTA coalitions include the Western Hardrock Mining Watershed Team and the Appalachian Coal County Team.<br />
<br />
VISTA volunteers partner with local groups to help communities build the capacity to manage economic redevelopment, cultivate environmental stewardship, and explore models of community revitalization. Since the Department of Social Sciences has expertise in working with industrial heritage and developing environmental and energy policies, we can effectively prepare students to become volunteers and aid them in transforming their experience into professional careers.<br />
<br />
<b>Career Pathways and Professional Preparation</b><br />
Following one year of VISTA service, students return to campus to fulfill the requirements of their master’s degree. Students can apply to enroll in either the Industrial Archaeology MS or the Environmental and Energy Policy MS programs. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
OSM/VISTA students study alongside our other Industrial Archaeology MS students, pursuing a professional degree with diverse career pathways:</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>• Work with historic sites and museums</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>• Heritage and cultural resources management</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>• Field archaeology</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>• Public history</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>• Historic preservation and planning</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>• Education</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>• Community and government service</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
Additionally, some graduates will elect to continue their studies in a PhD program.<br />
<br />
Our graduates go on to become competent professionals and engaged doctoral students because the curriculum creates the opportunity to develop practical, hands-on tool kits within a solid theoretical grounding, in addition to the powerful OSM/VISTA experience. Thesis projects are often developed in conjunction with OSM/VISTA affiliates, and therefore incorporate real-world situations.</div>
<div>
<b>More information:</b><br />
<a href="http://www.mtu.edu/social-sciences/graduate/osm-vista/">http://www.mtu.edu/social-sciences/graduate/osm-vista/</a></div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.coalcountryteam.org/"></a><a href="http://www.coalcountryteam.org/"></a><a href="http://www.hardrockteam.org/">http://www.hardrockteam.org</a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.coalcountryteam.org/">http://www.coalcountryteam.org</a></div>
</div>
</div>
Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-53404634612444009732013-02-13T12:13:00.000-05:002013-02-14T17:02:01.006-05:00Iron, Oxygen and SaltIron and the metals derived from iron decay through several processes, but the main types of corrosion of interest to us are caused by reactions with Oxygen and Chloride.<br />
<br />
Oxidation is the most important form of iron corrosion for our study. This corrosion results from the formal combination of oxygen with iron. Oxidation is an electrochemical process involving the formal removal of electrons from iron when it combines with oxygen. Iron has a negatively potential electromotive force (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_force">EMF</a>), providing it a greater tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions. In contrast, copper is a more 'noble' metal with a higher EMF. The physical and chemical integrity of cupreous metals or artifacts will thus be preserved for a longer period of time compared to ferrous artifacts.<br />
<br />
Electron flow is essential for oxidation. The process of oxidation occurs within a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_cell">galvanic cell</a>," also known as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_cell">electrochemical half cell</a>. Galvanic cells are created when two different metals or different areas of the same metal allow electrons to flow between them, from the positive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anode">anodic</a> area to the negative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode">cathodic</a> area. Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode, breaking down the iron corrosion compounds at the anode. Oxygen bonds with the positive iron ions at the anode. This may occur numerous times to produce various types of oxidation and millions of individual galvanic cells are present on a single corroding artifact. Some people refer to the outcome of all these tiny cells as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitting_corrosion">pitting corrosion</a>.<br />
<br />
Another major cause of metals corrosion are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt">salts</a>. In common use, salt refers to a collection of chemicals that include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium">Sodium</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride">Chloride</a> atoms. Conservators are concerned with how these ions electrochemically interact with metals, particularly chlorides. When chloride atoms are ionised they become very reactive, and aggressively seek to interact with other molecules and ions. Concentrations of chlorides are a common salt water, for example, in maritime environments. Chlorides often saturate archaeological artifacts submersed in marine environments. Chlorides react with oxygen in a similar corrosive reaction to that described above.<br />
<br />
The presence of chlorides exacerbates problems for conservators. Chlorides readily go into solution, particularly in water. When dissolved into a fluid solution, chloride ions facilitate all the corrosion processes, including what engineers would call <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion">galvanic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crevice_corrosion">crevice</a> corrosion. In a general sense, the chemical reactions are all built around the same electrochemical reactions, but these reactions are encouraged or retarded by different structures, environments, and materials (or "material-environment systems" in engineering speak).<br />
<br />
The artifacts recovered by Michigan Tech research teams have usually come from terrestrial environments drained by rain and freshwater runoff, thus chlorides are generally not a significant concern. At the <a href="http://www.westpointfoundry.org/">West Point Foundry</a>, for example, even though the estuarine environment of that section of the Hudson River could be brackish due to that river's famous tidal flow, most of the artifacts recovered during excavation came from parts of the site above the immediate area of foundry marsh and cove. Our research teams were lucky, as are the landowners <a href="http://www.scenichudson.org/parks/westpointfoundrypreserve">The Scenic Hudson Land Trust</a>. The absence of chlorides meant that ferrous iron artifacts recovered from this historic industrial site were inherently more stable than those impregnated with chlorides in solution. This gives field and lab archaeologists and conservators more time to deal with potential corrosion and decay.<br />
<br />
Michael Deegan was the first collaborator on the West Point Foundry project to undertake a study of corrosion at the site. He and I co-authored an <a href="http://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/neha/vol35/iss1/21/">article</a> summarising our findings after dedicating time in my Archaeological Sciences course, examining corrosion and conservation at the West Point Foundry site with one of our collaborators.<br />
<br />
I will summarise the molecular forms created through the corrosion processes in another post. What I hope readers understand from the posts so far is that the decay of metals, particularly iron, is a "natural" electrochemical reaction that occurs unless something <i>prevents</i> it from happening. Factors that enhance or retard the flow of electrons drive both the extent and rate of decay--the presence of liquid water and the presence of chloride irons (salts) are both critically important in the process. <br />
<br />
Moreover, these factors do not need to be visible to the naked eye! Microscopic pores, fissures, and stress cracks all absorb molecules from the environment (even when that environment is arid). Corrosion is almost always occurring, even when the object appears to be dry and clean in your storage facility. Corrosion occurs slowly even while the object sits on the shelf in front of you in a museum!<br />
<br />
For those undertaking more research on this topic, we have found these sources useful:<br />
Donny L. Hamilton (1997) provided discussions of metals
corrosion which I have found very useful. Other detailed
treatments can be found in N. A. North (1987), Bradley Rodgers (1992, 2004),
and Janet Cronyn (1990).<br />
<br />
<br />
Cronyn, Janet M.<br />
1990 <i>The Elements of Archaeological Conservation</i>. Routledge, London.<br />
<br />
Hamilton, Donny L.<br />
1997 Basic Methods of Conserving Underwater Archaeological Material Culture. Legacy Resource Management Program, United States Department of Defence, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/ES-Programs/Conservation/Underwater/archaeology.html">https://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/ES-Programs/Conservation/Underwater/archaeology.html</a>
on September 12, 2007.<br />
<br />
North, N. A.<br />
1987 Conservation of Metals. In <i>Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects</i>, edited by C. Pearson, pp. 207-252. Butterworths, London.<br />
<br />
Rodgers, Bradley A.<br />
1992 <i>The East Carolina University Conservator's Cookbook: A Methodological Approach to the Conservation of Water Soaked Artifacts</i>. Program in Maritime History and Underwater Research, Department of History, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.<br />
<br />
Rodgers, Bradley A.<br />
2004 <i>The Archaeologist’s Manual for Conservation: A Guide to non-Toxic, Minimal Intervention Artifact Stabilisation</i>. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.<br />
<br />
and our article:<br />
Deegan, Michael and Timothy James Scarlett.<br />
2008 The Conservation of Ferrous Metals from the West Point Foundry Site. <i>Bulletin of the New York State Archaeological Association</i> 124: 56-68.Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-54762426539785002022013-01-24T15:50:00.002-05:002013-02-14T16:58:36.753-05:00Rust and Decay<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Rust is the colloquial term for decayed iron, steel, and other metals. I use "rust" and "corrosion" on this blog because everybody immediately knows what that means, irregardless of how much chemistry one may know. I do want to put a formal explanation of rust because it helps people to understand why we are hopeful for our experiments.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Rusting metal is undergoing an electrochemical reaction. This means that electrical energy is driving chemical changes to the object. While we don't need to go into too much detail about the atomic level, atoms that chemists group as metals share a couple of traits. Metal ions are generally positive, in that they seek additional electrons when they are free or in solution. A chemist would say that metal ions are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_deficiency">electron deficient</a>, so that when metal ions bond together into molecules, the group of ions don't have enough elections to form common valence bonds (which tend to be very stable). Instead, metal molecules are held together through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bond">metallic bonds</a>. Metallic bonds enable a few electrons to be shared by all atoms, where one election might facilitate bonds between three individual atoms, for example. But while doing this the electrons move around a lot and this movement is what enables electrical current to move through metals.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Corrosion
occurs in metals upon the transfer of electrical charge. A zap of electrical energy pumps a bunch of new electrons into the metal atoms, ionizing them, and allowing them to form new bonds with other atoms that might be in the neighborhood. During ionization, foreign atoms such as oxygen join with
the metallic ions and form covalent bonds. The new substance formed through this process is more stable than the pure metallic material was before the reaction. Most metals exhibit visual changes as a result: silver corrosion appears as
black tarnish, copper corrosion forms a green encrustation, and iron breaks
down into reddish brown rusts.</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">In short, metallic atoms are very unhappy when they are together by themselves. Fe (iron) does not like being with just other Fe atoms, nor does Cu (copper) or Ti (tin). If you pump some electrons into them or simply expose them to other atoms, they will jump at the opportunity to form stable covalent bonds, and once they have done that, it is very hard to reverse that chemical change. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">If you leave your bike out in the rain, the steel parts will rust, and you will not be able to convince the iron to let go of it's bond with the oxygen ever again.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The chemical change also means that the molecules have taken a new shape, one that is generally larger, so these molecular changes have effects that you can see with your naked eye. Corroded objects swell and warp, discolor, and even change hardness.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">There are lots and lots of videos and useful things about this on the Internet, such as these <a href="http://www.youtube.com/results?hl=en&safe=off&client=safari&rls=en&q=metals%20corrosion&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&bvm=bv.41524429,d.b2I&biw=1390&bih=721&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=i1">YouTube videos</a>. Why? Because metals are essential to human existence in our environment but the metals don't like staying in the form where we find them useful. Stopping metals from corroding has been a key human endeavour since humans started making metals in the first place!</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In the next post, I will explain the decay of iron and related metals (ferrous metals) in more specific terms.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span>Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-31727939762821903662013-01-24T14:47:00.000-05:002013-01-24T14:47:32.512-05:00Project Team: Shubham Borole<br />
My name is Shubham Borole. I am a graduate student at Michigan Technological University pursuing Master's degree in Chemical Engineering and I'm a <a href="http://www.sfi.mtu.edu/cebfm/team.html">research team member</a> in MTU's <a href="http://www.sfi.mtu.edu/cebfm/index.html">Center for Environmentally Benign Functional Materials</a>. I come from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapi">Vapi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, India, a city evolving as a chemical & industrial hub. Growing up in such atmosphere, along with some family background, drew me towards chemical engineering studies. I completed my bachelors degree from <a href="http://www.gecvalsad.org/">Government Engineering College</a>, Valsad (Gujarat, India) and worked for a year gaining experience in industry.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-5Kxg_I0hBxtyNVuVhQs14SKYa6FmtoMXD5CMrpYjtg5pSUtmXMag0tYF56Yb5K9caGGsQfpeiq-z5RnftagNuPaz1qKKcHszLa_e_Eyr64FYCVMHCixLzsLIeRXEG4Du2Fkeug/s1600/168682_170908122951293_6889170_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-5Kxg_I0hBxtyNVuVhQs14SKYa6FmtoMXD5CMrpYjtg5pSUtmXMag0tYF56Yb5K9caGGsQfpeiq-z5RnftagNuPaz1qKKcHszLa_e_Eyr64FYCVMHCixLzsLIeRXEG4Du2Fkeug/s320/168682_170908122951293_6889170_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
At Michigan Tech, I joined Dr. Gerard Caneba for research studies concerning <a href="http://www.mtu.edu/news/stories/2011/july/story42264-print.html">oil spill control using surfactants</a>. This included studies of foaming characteristics, dispersion effects in presence of crude oil and toxicity comparisons. I have just been introduced to Industrial Archaeology, specifically problems concerned with preservation of archaeological artifacts. I will apply my experience with supercritical carbon dioxide extraction at high pressures to museum and archaeology problems. This is a very exciting project since it involves applying chemical engineering to problems in art and history. Also, I get an opportunity to work and communicate with people from different educational disciplines. I hope to play my part in this project and supporting my colleagues to the fullest extent.<br />
<br />
<br />
Connect with Shubham on <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/pub/shubham-borole/16/483/bb5">LinkedIn</a>.<br />
<br />
Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-72093088260572635112013-01-24T12:53:00.002-05:002013-01-24T12:58:05.871-05:00Project Team: Eric Pomber<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Template>Normal.dotm</o:Template>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>185</o:Words>
<o:Characters>1058</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Michigan Tech University</o:Company>
<o:Lines>8</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>2</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>1299</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>12.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing>
<w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>
<w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>
<w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:DontAutofitConstrainedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
</w:Compatibility>
</w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="276">
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
My name is Eric Pomber and I am a senior in the <a href="http://www.mtu.edu/admissions/programs/majors/social/">SocialSciences Program</a> at Michigan Technological University. I am originally from Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in a family in which most of my relatives worked in the auto
industry. Growing up in an industrial town and seeing it's decline fed my
interest in Industrial Archaeology.
I took part in the <a href="http://cliffmine.wordpress.com/history-of-cliff/">Cliff Mine Archaeological Project's</a> 2011 Field School and worked as a Cultural
Resources Intern for <a href="http://www.nps.gov/isro/index.htm">Isle Royale National Park</a> in 2012. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm_XSIyuWzYPAyzGcrxZTBTLV23epLeKPD8Kegj160NEpPOFwsc12VR3jbBldmbxuz19XVkMTo_H1KbVja8NA8Nc6yUX1Zytl0pGaLJbAq-AmIS5GOBL1zozaxLAsObcfHYg3Mfg/s1600/Eric.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm_XSIyuWzYPAyzGcrxZTBTLV23epLeKPD8Kegj160NEpPOFwsc12VR3jbBldmbxuz19XVkMTo_H1KbVja8NA8Nc6yUX1Zytl0pGaLJbAq-AmIS5GOBL1zozaxLAsObcfHYg3Mfg/s320/Eric.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My first exposure to the problems of iron conservation came while working on old wooden boats.
In the past many shipyards used galvanized iron fasteners as an inexpensive alternative to bronze and this creates serious problems for people that maintain or restore those boats today (like me). The fasteners oxidize, leading to damage in the surrounding wood. I was able to learn about traditional iron conservation
techniques such as electrolysis during a course on Archaeological Sciences
taught by Dr. Scarlett. I completed a project conserving iron artifacts from the
Cliff Mine as a part of the course work.
That project was a great learning experience drew me into this project. I look forward
to helping develop this new technique to provide conservators a new option for iron
conservation. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<!--EndFragment-->Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-66266472954757795612013-01-24T12:32:00.000-05:002013-01-24T15:00:41.740-05:00Project Team: Stephanie Tankersley<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;"></span><br />
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">My name is Stephanie Tankersley and I am a fourth year undergraduate student at</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><a href="http://www.mtu.edu/" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Michigan Technological University</a><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">. I am majoring in <a href="http://www.mtu.edu/materials/undergraduate/degree/">Materials Science and Engineering</a> and minoring in <a href="http://blogs.mtu.edu/chem-eng-undergrad/tag/polymer-science-and-engineering/">Polymer Science and Engineering</a>. I'm also completing a concentration in Michigan Tech's <a href="http://www.mtu.edu/enterprise/">Enterprise Program</a>. My interests are in sports and outdoor activities; eco-friendly processes; and textiles, polymers, and composite materials engineering. More about my interests and experience can be found on my</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=173906398&trk=tab_pro" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">LinkedIn</a><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">account.</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span>
I'm new to the Supercritical Team. So far I have done research on polymers in conservation as well as readings about other supercritical treatments. I am very excited to start the process of experimentation with our various artifacts and I will be taking lots of photos and recording my findings along the way!<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJN4DL39cYvk9dR1gjeFlZi7J4boDpVlqLS-jnxx1bWxrmmV-B8RMc0kBCTGz9tSJjU0PnV7XXrirnOl44ToWrnqsOrSXwMOtXg3kIPRYwL8KMcHC0pLKuiCAngMgygZxqJoTsQ/s1600/Stephanie.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJN4DL39cYvk9dR1gjeFlZi7J4boDpVlqLS-jnxx1bWxrmmV-B8RMc0kBCTGz9tSJjU0PnV7XXrirnOl44ToWrnqsOrSXwMOtXg3kIPRYwL8KMcHC0pLKuiCAngMgygZxqJoTsQ/s1600/Stephanie.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-76074103454123107642013-01-22T17:02:00.001-05:002013-01-24T13:24:14.120-05:00Project Team: Gerard Caneba<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Template>Normal.dotm</o:Template>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>91</o:Words>
<o:Characters>519</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Michigan Tech University</o:Company>
<o:Lines>4</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>637</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>12.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing>
<w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>
<w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>
<w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:DontAutofitConstrainedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
</w:Compatibility>
</w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="276">
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
I am pleased to introduce my chief collaborator on this project! <a href="http://www.mtu.edu/chemical/department/faculty/caneba/">Gerard Caneba</a> and I had not worked together before this study, but when I read an <a href="http://ncptt.nps.gov/an-evaluation-of-supercritical-drying-and-pegfreeze-drying-of-waterlogged-archaeological-wood-2007-04/">article</a> about the use of supercritical carbon dioxide treatments to dry waterlogged archaeological artifacts, I started looking for someone at Michigan Tech than could help me understand that process. Gerry and I spoke and something in our discussions sparked his interest.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY0vu56Y1YExiUU4-BaV4h3ZkHD1xhLXbuSLUaA2JL5Szuxvq0T8QY_HmZprwDVUXDY2iRavhvnCfffY8h5AqpWZLYeEkm8VY7cZtK_zafFwZhlxNWwdMjHXZMSnNtUJBo1QHpDw/s1600/caneba.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY0vu56Y1YExiUU4-BaV4h3ZkHD1xhLXbuSLUaA2JL5Szuxvq0T8QY_HmZprwDVUXDY2iRavhvnCfffY8h5AqpWZLYeEkm8VY7cZtK_zafFwZhlxNWwdMjHXZMSnNtUJBo1QHpDw/s1600/caneba.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dr. Caneba is a chemical engineer and is the
director of Michigan Tech’s <a href="http://www.sfi.mtu.edu/cebfm/">Center for Environmentally Benign Functional Materials</a>. His expertise includes both polymer
composites and precipitation polymerization. Dr. Caneba’s main research
involves the process of free-radical retrograde-precipitation polymerization
(FRRPP) and the use of these polymers in oil recovery and remediation, adhesive
formulation, wood preservation, copper ore processing, silicone formulation, carbon nanotube/polymer composites, and many other applications. He has published many research articles and recently two
monographs with Springer Verlag: <i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Free-Radical-Retrograde-Precipitation-Polymerization-FRRPP-ebook/dp/B008CNHS3Y">Free-Radical Retrograde-Precipitation Polymerization (FRRPP): Novel Concept, Processes, Materials, and Energy Aspects</a></i> (Caneba 2010) and <i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Ddigital-text&field-keywords=Emulsion+Free-Radical+Retrograde-Precipitation+Polymerization">Emulsion Free-Radical Retrograde-Precipitation Polymerization</a></i> (Caneba and Dar 2011).<br />
<br />
Gerry and I have assembled a small team of undergraduate and graduate students at MTU to work on this project. Over the next few posts, the students will introduce themselves and I will continue to write updates on aspects of the background for our research project.<br />
<br />
Want to connect with Gerry? Try <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/pub/gerard-caneba/62/a1a/0">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="http://pivot.cos.com/profiles/893D0211CE47B01E00BC0E82A1B3A5A0">Pivot</a> (Community of Science)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-37121144789905317152013-01-17T12:03:00.002-05:002013-01-22T15:55:37.703-05:00Conservation of Ferrous Metals for Industrial Heritage and ArchaeologyI am reviving this blog so that one of my research teams can report on their work. We have been working on a project to solve a puzzle for industrial archaeologists and heritage managers, trying to add a new technique to the conservator's tool box for wrought and cast iron, steel, and other ferrous metal objects. <br />
<br />
"Rusting" is the colloquial term for the chemical reactions that decay metal artifacts. Rust causes big problems for archaeologists. When excavating on a site, archaeologists become excited discovering humble artifacts, such as <a href="http://uccshes.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/nail-chronology-the-use-of-technologically-derived-features.pdf">iron nails</a>. While nails aren't as exciting as coins, armor, bullets, rings, buttons, bottles, and the dramatic artifacts featured on TV shows about digging for treasure, but the unassuming nails teach us a <a href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/nail/bibliography.pdf">great deal</a> about places. Did you know that if you sort out and count the nails according to the way they were manufactured, then by comparing those counts, a researcher can estimate when a building was built? This seems to work, even if the building burned, leaving only a soil layer of ash and charcoal (and lots of nails!).<br />
<br />
Of course, for industrial archaeologists, ferrous metals don't just include artifacts that were purchased and used in one place or another, but also includes manufacturing waste. While digging at the West Point Foundry in Cold Spring, New York, our research teams encountered hundreds of gallons of metallurgical waste over the years. Examples ranged from <a href="http://www.westpointfoundry.org/WestPoint2004/Posting061104.html">curls of iron cut while rifling cannon barrels</a>, lathing and boring waste from giving cannon precisely smooth surfaces; blacksmithing waste from forging; ferrous tap slag from the blast furnace; discarded sprues, gates, and risers from the casting house; and tons of scrap iron left around the shops for making rods, bolts, spikes, brackets, and all manner of other hardware. This list only includes waste products, not the hundreds of other iron and ferrous metal objects manufactured at that site-- including shells and shot; architectural iron; and machinery parts for example. Most industrial heritage sites have this <a href="http://www.nps.gov/klgo/blogs/Industrial-conservation-for-industrial-artifacts.htm">problem</a>.<br />
<br />
These artifacts all teach us a great deal about the past, including issues such as the technical creativity of people at work during their daily lives in the nineteenth century. Yet they present a difficult problem for long term care and storage once the archaeological fieldwork is over. Unlike brass, gold, and aluminum, iron does not stabilize once it has developed it's rusty patina. The process of chemical decay continues underneath the surface rust. Without some intervention, a bag of ferrous metal objects removed from the ground, cleaned and bagged, then put into storage in a controlled environment, continues to decay. After a decade passes, the bag will be full of nodules of corrosion product and rusty dust instead of nails, screws, and hardware.<br />
<br />
Conservators and museum staff have several tools available to counter iron's tendency toward chemical decay, but most of them are unsatisfactory for different reasons. My colleagues and I proposed to develop a new technique for stabilization and conservation that will help solve these problems, and we were generously awarded a <a href="http://ncptt.nps.gov/235500-released-for-ncptt-grants-program/">grant</a> in support of our efforts by the National Park Service's National Center for Preservation Technology and Training.<br />
<br />
Over the next few posts, I will introduce our research team members, discuss existing techniques of iron and ferrous metals conservation, the nature of decay, and lay out our proposed technique. If this subject interests you, please stay tuned!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-58869236537922186102010-10-01T11:21:00.001-04:002010-10-15T16:19:50.751-04:00Upcoming Lectures and Presentations: Lloyd Baldwin, MDOT<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/pub/lloyd-baldwin/7/183/a27">Mr. Lloyd Baldwin</a> of the Michigan Dept. of Transportation will make a presentation titled "T</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;">he interface of historic preservation and transportation projects" on Monday, October 11th. Mr. Baldwin's presentation will include an informal overview of the key legislation regarding cultural resources with which he and his MDoT colleagues work on a daily basis. He'll describe the analysis and consultation process involved in determining impacts of transportation projects on cultural resources and overview the resources available for getting this work done, including the Transportation Enhancement program.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;">Mr. Baldwin studied History and Public Policy at Ball State University, receiving his BA in 1984. He also studied at Eastern Michigan University. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;">Brown Bag Lunch will start at 11:45 on Monday, October 11, in room 201 of the Academic Office Building at Michigan Technological University.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br />
</span>Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-79495588706828914922010-09-26T18:26:00.000-04:002010-09-26T18:26:24.212-04:00Fire at the Quincy Smelter siteLast night and early this morning, several local fire crews responded to an emergency call about a structure fire at the site of the historic Quincy Smelting Works. The smelter, built in 1898, is the last copper smelter standing in the Keweenaw Peninsula. I have heard many people claim that this is one of last and best preserved nineteenth and early twentieth century copper smelters in the world.<br />
<br />
The buildings that burned were the Carpenter Shop and it's Lumber Shed. The smelter blog included pictures taken of these two buildings before the fire, along with a description of their history:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_2097127619"><img border="0" height="480" src="http://quincysmelter.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/smelter-artists-040.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://quincysmelter.wordpress.com/tag/carpenter/">The Quincy Smelter's Carpenter Shop and Lumber Shed from the blog: http://quincysmelter.wordpress.com</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
More photographs and text about the support buildings were posted by the Copper Country Explorer:<br />
<a href="http://www.coppercountryexplorer.com/2009/12/the-support-buildings-p1/">http://www.coppercountryexplorer.com/2009/12/the-support-buildings-p1/</a><br />
<br />
The fire started at about 11 pm on Saturday night. Due to it's location on the water in Ripley, the fire was visible from all over downtown Houghton. Here is the "stub" story in the Mining Gazette:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_2097127631"><img border="0" height="121" src="http://www.mininggazette.com/photos/news/md/511863_1.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.mininggazette.com/page/content.detail/id/511863.html?nav=5006">The Daily Mining Gazette's photo in their coverage of the fire.</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
Photos of the event are finding their way to media sites like <a href="http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=quincy+smelter+fire">Flickr.com</a>.<br />
<br />
This morning I went down to see the damage. I am very grateful to the firefighters for working so hard to save the Stock House, which was scorched by the heat, and the other buildings in the immediate vicinity of the Carpenter Shop. Here are some pictures from my cell phone camera of the ruined buildings this afternoon:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOM0Ri0ZxuPP5aY0d0dVspfrbFgRUj6RL-pw6VBODln4_sRMw6kN9fwogmefxQ-Ml4koIUY_apY4Dl7lPI70VAZnpXPWoVI5hXJYidjw9h7hYrHTZmzhFVCv0Cc9SxWl6RP6kNhA/s1600/IMG_0980.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOM0Ri0ZxuPP5aY0d0dVspfrbFgRUj6RL-pw6VBODln4_sRMw6kN9fwogmefxQ-Ml4koIUY_apY4Dl7lPI70VAZnpXPWoVI5hXJYidjw9h7hYrHTZmzhFVCv0Cc9SxWl6RP6kNhA/s320/IMG_0980.JPG" width="238" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiICnZRn5YjYjwKP3y2r9wu1Qsfg4r7tBwKxxqoz7gJmn3e0TdCippYnEzUpm3WmbUaEJDnaFu1JrdC1xODoD6_bqqvF_TplzzDebwPklUAE1ZfRLhlio99Qcaa1JrHXuEfSaNCCQ/s1600/IMG_0985.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiICnZRn5YjYjwKP3y2r9wu1Qsfg4r7tBwKxxqoz7gJmn3e0TdCippYnEzUpm3WmbUaEJDnaFu1JrdC1xODoD6_bqqvF_TplzzDebwPklUAE1ZfRLhlio99Qcaa1JrHXuEfSaNCCQ/s320/IMG_0985.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj0vyddfSiwr8nUkNNEWhgeGPgsgkcPYK2sw2BDw0cRwutn5vdjrptkJXdM_cVI8cKdyxA2whMyt7Vih7yEqA52JFi-e-wrVv_L5fCKgkJcGrGy4D6WkWXeX8BFh5Ygb-9PiMwSA/s1600/IMG_0982.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj0vyddfSiwr8nUkNNEWhgeGPgsgkcPYK2sw2BDw0cRwutn5vdjrptkJXdM_cVI8cKdyxA2whMyt7Vih7yEqA52JFi-e-wrVv_L5fCKgkJcGrGy4D6WkWXeX8BFh5Ygb-9PiMwSA/s320/IMG_0982.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2r5smA2ZPk2pnbW_7hkZSFpoljWTqaMt_f-Q1lgyJLzxwHYZjp5XUVKtG-hfFsoQLKKu3QyhkuItzZ7QiqcJc0qvTwpR3-qjx-DNrPo82aFQBwG_5-Eb89J1521TcOUDu124B5w/s1600/IMG_0987.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2r5smA2ZPk2pnbW_7hkZSFpoljWTqaMt_f-Q1lgyJLzxwHYZjp5XUVKtG-hfFsoQLKKu3QyhkuItzZ7QiqcJc0qvTwpR3-qjx-DNrPo82aFQBwG_5-Eb89J1521TcOUDu124B5w/s320/IMG_0987.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-5532283497898366312010-09-02T16:56:00.000-04:002010-09-02T16:56:55.820-04:00New book by an MTU alumniChristopher Nelson finished his <a href="http://www.industrialarchaeology.net/IAWeb/iahmmspgm.html">MS in Industrial History and Archaeology</a> at Michigan Technological University in 2009. I am pleased to report that he has since reworked his thesis into a book, self-published this month using CreateSpace.com.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAbO6NKGDAand0CkzjqZ91TMrnfCfbbUx5NCtxOHL5odHMd9Dr8qf2A846IK1-QxJT5Q8KiCBqSv5Toai3EA9_oKppBDpoaRkAyH2PeJXbOgCduAmSEVKOj4tgLDp4hUEhTKbQQA/s320/Patterson1.jpg" /></div><br />
<br />
<i>The C. R. Patterson and Sons Company: Black Pioneers in the Vehicle Building Industry, 1865-1939</i> (2010) tells the story of Charles Richard Patterson and his family. C.R. was born an enslaved person. In 1865 he set up a small company to manufacture carriages in Greenfield, Ohio, and Patterson became an industry leader in winter buggy design. As the company grew, Patterson expanded the business with other members of his family, and the shop began producing automobiles, trucks, and eventually buses. When C.R.'s son Frederick started making automobiles in 1915, Nelson wrote that he became the first and only African American-owned company to ever manufacture automobiles in the United States. The Patterson family members were leaders within the both the mostly-white community of industrialists and also the African American communities.<br />
<br />
After 74 years, the Patterson family ultimately lost their business in 1939 when a series of unfortunate events during the Great Depression forced the company to close the shop's doors. Chris tells their story using documents, photographs, oral history, architecture, and objects.<br />
<br />
To get your copy, bring these ISBN numbers to your local bookshop:<br />
<ul style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><b>ISBN-10:</b> 1453770305</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><b>ISBN-13:</b> 978-1453770306</li>
</ul>If you can't get your local bookstore to order a copy, you can order this book through Amazon by clicking this link:<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/1453770305/ref=cm_sw_su_dp">http://www.amazon.com/dp/1453770305/ref=cm_sw_su_dp</a><br />
<br />
<br />
Mr. Nelson took a position as a staff archaeologist with <a href="http://www.crai-ky.com/staff/bio_nelson.html">Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc</a>. in Hurricane, West Virginia, and is a <a href="http://www.rpanet.org/">Registered Professional Archaeologist</a>.Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-88402512072591398852010-04-18T17:06:00.003-04:002010-04-18T17:08:33.967-04:00Cliff Mine Archaeological Survey Website and BlogSean Gohman published the official website for the Cliff Mine Archaeological Survey. The first posts, about the field school, the site, and it's history, are signs of lots of good writing that will come during the summer!<br />
<br />
Please check it out here:<br />
<a href="http://cliffmine.wordpress.com/">http://cliffmine.wordpress.com</a>Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-48916551709069943502010-03-23T13:22:00.001-04:002010-03-23T13:24:46.249-04:00Upcoming Lectures and Presentations, March 23, 2010.A series of excellent events coming up of interest to the industrial heritage and industrial patrimony.<br />
<div><br />
</div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div>Social Science Brown Bag Lecture Series: <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">Louise Dyble</span><br />
<b><br />
</b></div><div><b>"Landmark of Death: Responsibility, Safety, and the Question of a Suicide Barrier on the Golden Gate Bridge."</b></div><div><a href="http://www.payingthetoll.net/">http://www.payingthetoll.net/</a></div><div><b>Friday, March 26th, 12 Noon - 1 PM. Room AOB 201.</b></div><div><br />
</div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><b>T. Allan Comp visit and lectures, March 28-29, 2010<br />
</b><br />
<b><div>Biography:<br />
<br />
<class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Dr T. Allan Comp is an historian based in Washington, DC. Jo Hanson, the pioneering public artist in San Francisco, once described Allan as "a relaxed blend of John Muir, John Dewey and John the Baptist." He holds a Ph.D in history, worked for several years in cultural resources with the National Park Service, left that to work as a developer of historic properties and consultant to historic preservation projects, and then to work for a regional Heritage Area in western Pennsylvania where he invented AMD&ART. Always a volunteer for AMD&ART, his work attracted the attention of other watershed and community improvement projects in the Appalachian coal country and in the Western hard rock mining country as well. Winner of multiple awards in partnerships and planning, Allan now leads the OSM/VISTA Team and Brownfields Initiatives at the Office of Surface Mining in the U.S. Department of the Interior.</span></class="apple-style-span"><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://tacomp.info/">http://tacomp.info/</a></span></span></div></b></div><br />
<b>Coffee with Social Science grad students from Industrial Heritage and Archaeology and Environmental Policy.</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<b></b><br />
<b><div><div><b>Monday, March 29, 8:30-9:30, Annex Seminar Room </b></div><div><br />
</div></div></b><b>The Use of Sustainability through Combining Arts and Sciences in Professional Practice and Environmental Reclamation</b><br />
<br />
<b>Monday March 29, 2010 3pm DOW 642</b><br />
<br />
The term "sustainable" can be, and is, thrown around a lot, but what does it really mean? How are we as practicing professionals working in the environment to appropriately use the term? What are the realistic dimensions of "sustainable'? What part does public input, public understanding, public support play in sustainability?<br />
<br />
I'd like to review a few projects that attempted a broader approach to sustainability and then turn to some of the lessons learned in those efforts, both for professional practice and the<br />
language we use to describe that practice and for larger community-based perceptions of sustainability (or reality) as well.<br />
<br />
One such example is the AMD & Art project (<a href="http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/460/">http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/460/</a>)<br />
<br />
<class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;">Comp’s idea was to reclaim toxic former coal mines using not only science but elements of design, sculpture, and history, which he hoped would spur community involvement and create vital public spaces…Undeterred, Comp put together a core team of designers that included hydrologist Bob Deason, sculptor Stacy Levy, and landscape designer Julie Bargmann. And crucial members of his elaborate cast were the townspeople themselves. “If I have an art form, it’s probably choreography,” Comp explained, “and I don’t even get to pick the dancers. I’ve got elephants and gazelles and they all have to work together.”… For years, Allan Comp has been describing the Vintondale project as “art that works.” The AMD&ART Park “works” in the sense that it filters acid mine drainage from millions of gallons of water. But it works in a much more subtle way as well—in the way the people of Vintondale experience and respond to it as art…ALLAN COMP HAS DESCRIBED the term “AMD&ART” as a shorthand for “science and the arts.” Following the ecological principle of interdependence, he possesses an almost mystical belief that disciplinary boundaries need to be broken down and worked across. Turf wars, especially at universities where budgets are strained, have too often kept the sciences and the humanities on opposite sides of campus, increasingly specialized, and so estranged that they, quite literally, cannot understand the language the other is speaking.”</class="apple-style-span"><br />
<class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br />
<class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;">“Twelve years after he hatched the idea to resurrect the town dump of Vintondale, Comp feels more certain than ever that the “arts and the humanities are absolutely necessary to environmental recovery.” Science can change the water chemistry, but for Comp, it is art and history, combined with the science, that will ultimately change people’s minds—will change the way we think about an industrial economy that is destroying the very ecosystems that sustain us, and all life. “It’s not the water that’s the problem, it’s us,” Comp said. “And if we fix us, we’ll start fixing the water.””<br />
<br />
<b>Evening Public Engagemen</b><b>t: Community-driven design in Environmental Reclamation</b><br />
<br />
<b>Monday March 29, 2010 6:30pm MUB Alumni Lounge B</b><br />
The public lecture will definitely focus primarily on AMD&ART. Dr. Comp will explore the co-dependence of the arts and sciences in environmental reclamation by introducing the community as the pivotal factor in adding sustainability to the process. The public lecture will also focus on a few other spin-off projects to establish the viability of the approach and then try to draw a few lessons learned. It will also include a short bit on a strong determined OSM/VISTA team of volunteers in Appalachia and the Western Hardrock. This will be followed by an open question and answer session in the form of a dialogue. <br />
</class="apple-style-span"></class="apple-style-span"><br />
<div>------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br />
</div><div>Social Science Brown Bag Lecture Series: <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">Sean Gohman</span></div><div><br />
</div><div><b>"John M. Longyear's land holdings in the Gogebic Iron Range through the lens of Geographic Information Systems"</b></div><div><b><br />
</b></div><div><b>Friday, April 2nd, Noon-1 PM, room AOB 201.</b></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br />
</div><div><b>Moulshri Joshi, visit and lectures, April 18-24.</b></div><div><br />
</div><div>During the week of April 18-24, the Social Sciences department and the Visiting Women and Minority Lecturer/Scholar Series will be hosting <b>Moulshri Joshi, a New Delhi architect and industrial heritage practitioner who is best known for her firm's prize-winning design of the Indian memorial to the victims of the Bhopal industrial disaster. </b><br />
<br />
Prof. Joshi will be available to participate in undergraduate classes and graduate seminars in environmental policy and industrial heritage management, and will meet with other interested groups across campus, to discuss current practices related to environmentally-sensitive planning as well as international industrial heritage policy – both celebratory and critical. The central event of her residency will be a campus-wide lecture (probably Tues evening April 20) on the Bhopal Disaster and current efforts in India to memorialize its victims. Prof. Joshi, though early in her career, has been an invited consultant in Japan and Europe to discuss these matters.<br />
<br />
The websites listed below can give you more information about Prof. Joshi's architectural firm, 'Space Matters,' as well as descriptions of the Bhopal memorial and the many public controversies arising from it. [This note by email from Susan Martin]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.spacematters.in/">http://www.spacematters.in/</a><br />
<a href="http://bhopalmemorial.blogspot.com/">http://bhopalmemorial.blogspot.com/</a><br />
<a href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091204/jsp/nation/story_11819749.jsp">http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091204/jsp/nation/story_11819749.jsp</a><br />
<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2626/stories/20100101262603800.htm">http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2626/stories/20100101262603800.htm</a></div>Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-73387482255945085502010-03-17T19:11:00.002-04:002010-03-17T19:13:48.981-04:00Upcoming Lectures and PresentationsMichigan Technological University's Industrial Heritage and Archaeology Program and the Department of Social Sciences will host a series of upcoming talks.<br />
<br />
This Friday at noon, Erik Nordberg will present a talk in the Department of Social Sciences Brown Bag Lunch Series:<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><b>Nordberg Talks About Nordberg</b><br />
Friday, March 19, noon.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;">Michigan Technological University Academic Office Building, rm 201. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Erik Nordberg, university archivisit and a doctoral student in the Industrial Heritage and Archeology program, will present about the history and archival records of the Nordberg Manufacturing Company. This is one of the case studies Erik is pursuing in his dissertation research, which examines the challenges encountered by institutions who have been collecting archival records of industrial enterprises.<br />
<br />
The Nordberg Manufacturing Company fabricated its first stationary steam engines in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1886. Its founder and chief engineer, Dr. Bruno V. Nordberg, had studied with the Allis company and patented an automatic cut-off governor which formed the basis for the new industrial venture. In the late 1890s, Nordberg began to produce large steam hoisting engines for the mining industry and quickly dominated the market for compound steam ore-crushing stamps, mining air compressors, pumps, and hoisting engines. The company later ventured into other lines, including diesel engines (some very large prime movers), cone crushers, ball mills, railroad track-laying machinery and equipment for the aeronautics industry.<br />
<br />
This paper provides an illustrated overview of the company’s history, facilities, and products. In addition, the author examines the disposition of the company’s business records, including a large collection of engineering blueprints. Erik will detail the distribution, archival processing and use of these records over the last 30 years in four different locations.<br />
<br />
The history of the Nordberg Manufacturing Company and the disposition of its archival records provide a useful case study of the value of such companies and collections to industrial archaeology. These collections, particularly the voluminous sets of dimensioned blueprint drawings, provide distinct curation challenges to collecting institutions and present mixed experiences in the actual and potential use by historians, restoration specialists, and other researchers.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;">Craig Wilson will give a talk as part of the public defense of his Master's Thesis in Industrial History and Archaeology:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><b>From Ruin to Museum-Preserving and Interpreting the Quincy and Torch Lake Railroad Engine House</b><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;">Wednesday, April 7, 2010, at 1 PM<br />
Michigan Tech, Academic Office building, room 201<br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br />
</span>Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-62978489567171567372010-03-15T17:31:00.003-04:002010-03-16T11:20:31.045-04:00New blog- Industrial Heritage in Brazil!<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Mariana Marcon has started a new blog about the Theory and Practice of Industrial Heritage (Teoria E Prática do Patrimônio Industrial) in São Paulo, Brazil. Her site is new and I am excited by the promise of future writing because of the beautiful photographs and the links that she has included. The links connect </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">the reader to important policy documents and intellectual statements about the preservation and management of industrial patrimony. Her blog will also be interesting because Ms. Marcon also writes another new blog about urban planning, making a provocative combination.</span></span><br />
<a href="http://arqueologia-industrial.blogspot.com/">http://arqueologia-industrial.blogspot.com/</a><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">I wish I could read Portuguese, but since there are so many cognate words with Spanish, I am able to muddle through! <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Thanks for the new </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">blog</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">, Ms. Marcon. I am looking forward to your writing and pictures!</span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://www.patrimonioindustrial.org.br/index.php" style="-webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; clear: right; color: black; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="125" src="http://www.patrimonioindustrial.org.br/themes/Ticcih/images/logo.png" width="200" /></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">The Comitê Brazileiro de Preservação do Patrimônio Industrial (TICCIH Brasil) is a vibrant group. Their website is here:</span></span></span><br />
<a href="http://www.patrimonioindustrial.org.br/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">http://www.patrimonioindustrial.org.br/</span></span></a><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px;"></span></span></span>Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-6933264870734004842010-02-23T20:37:00.001-05:002010-02-24T20:02:30.109-05:002010 Field School in Industrial Archaeology: Cliff Mine Survey<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MTU has decided upon the site for our 2010 Field School in Industrial Archaeology: The Cliff Mine (1845-1870).</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1pOsDdaaqxAXDejoP7sDpDbc5yS0qhuYWt_BqkmcRsiziTpf68hxazJJ47cA2uMgNKQgAhzqqK8af8c1Ymrt4tnx2NdbNKNlAmrTHO6S95-NAQI5j3ssuGWBg5g4SnXL8RKyFEQ/s1600-h/Cliff_Winter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1pOsDdaaqxAXDejoP7sDpDbc5yS0qhuYWt_BqkmcRsiziTpf68hxazJJ47cA2uMgNKQgAhzqqK8af8c1Ymrt4tnx2NdbNKNlAmrTHO6S95-NAQI5j3ssuGWBg5g4SnXL8RKyFEQ/s320/Cliff_Winter.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj00AiKjUaXSv9xUC4QZsK2p0qizN1IOD15l8D8DwC9Gn7V8LPec0JEoW2NEXxtctN9lupk2o_vBr4duwKG8M6Y0EZRJhQdJLWAuQQgpUrM5cj5BBvF2fife63xmUvwCw2FNcQpjw/s1600-h/IMG_0067.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj00AiKjUaXSv9xUC4QZsK2p0qizN1IOD15l8D8DwC9Gn7V8LPec0JEoW2NEXxtctN9lupk2o_vBr4duwKG8M6Y0EZRJhQdJLWAuQQgpUrM5cj5BBvF2fife63xmUvwCw2FNcQpjw/s320/IMG_0067.jpg" /></a></div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Iron chimney projects above a stone stack on the site of the Cliff Mine. </div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Join the Industrial Archaeologists from Michigan Technological University during May and June of 2010, helping document an historic mid-nineteenth century native copper mine in the heart of the Keweenaw Peninsula. The Keweenaw is famous as one of the few places on earth where humans found abundant lumps of raw copper, ranging in size from pebbles to record-breaking boulders of pure metal. We anticipate studying the ruins of the Cliff Mine (1845-1870), one of the region's earliest and most profitable mass copper mines. The site sits atop and below the 200-foot greenstone bluff that runs along the spine of the Keweenaw Peninsula, about 30 miles northeast of Houghton, Michigan. We will be reconstructing the evolution of the industrial process using clues left by the workers as they built, worked, and reworked the site's shafts, mill, engine house, kilns, stacks, shops, houses, and offices.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXlaVlp5uF0ziEOSNW5n63P3CQwdsuFAzSUIAVYDzJN2kgaFvUp3Y9ZnpL8hgoxxyA1fg28ZqQUQlZgG9kxi1BCqWWufrEPzQXwUKdA95m5azn_-rmyzK9nZyDIe3E6fBk177cYQ/s1600-h/IMG_0030.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXlaVlp5uF0ziEOSNW5n63P3CQwdsuFAzSUIAVYDzJN2kgaFvUp3Y9ZnpL8hgoxxyA1fg28ZqQUQlZgG9kxi1BCqWWufrEPzQXwUKdA95m5azn_-rmyzK9nZyDIe3E6fBk177cYQ/s320/IMG_0030.jpg" /></a></div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MTU IA grad student Craig Wilson at the base of a stack at the Cliff Mine.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The field school participants will learn multiple documentation techniques, such as digital and optical mapping; use of GPS and remote sensing in survey; learn measured drawing and drafting; taking architectural, archaeological, and object photographs; and undertake some excavations and artifact analysis specifically designed for industrial heritage and archaeology. Along with fieldwork, there will be field trips, lectures, and discussions devoted to the history and technology of early copper mining in the Keweenaw, archaeological method and theory, and issues of ethics and heritage preservation for industrial heritage sites.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9osOsw83BGgGdACNV3SRzTmjgtgCVCdLdM8dBADagJ3i_o5nkjdxtYuUNeodj9YGHeiTeShSsQughyD11cvxQ6Ns4ghH_qKqt_IfKnRLANhwC2Ssv8pW0JH5DvICL_nZVCwgRyw/s1600-h/IMG_0057.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9osOsw83BGgGdACNV3SRzTmjgtgCVCdLdM8dBADagJ3i_o5nkjdxtYuUNeodj9YGHeiTeShSsQughyD11cvxQ6Ns4ghH_qKqt_IfKnRLANhwC2Ssv8pW0JH5DvICL_nZVCwgRyw/s320/IMG_0057.jpg" /></a></div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Looking over a waste rock pile at the 200 foot bluff that splits the site into upper and lower sections.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">More information here:</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 13px; white-space: pre;">http://www.ss.mtu.edu/faculty/Scarlett/Summer/FieldSchools.htm</span></div>Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-13832454658637337242010-02-16T12:11:00.000-05:002010-02-16T12:11:56.554-05:00Henshaw's thoughtsMarc Henshaw wrote some interesting thoughts inspired by a recent article in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. He was trying to raise awareness about the impending demolition of Andrew Carnegie's<a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8164.htm"> Pittsburgh Locomotive Works</a>, but he also made some interesting observations about the challenges which heritage preservation poses for industrial (and post-industrial) communities. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10040/1034454-437.stm"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoXjHCgu8xKgCel0YgrB2M7X4dvVE7vzsYLZ-dGJWoMFH6vVuEen3h0YBqHH9jicRWkUQOyr5OsYtEeLElnHK0An3R8sRE-_qMqX04f7LJ3qZmNzHF4-gPkXUkAPBwTzq1hC1INQ/s320/pittsburghlocomotive.jpg" /></a></div><br />
The Pittsburg Post-Gazette article:<br />
<a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10040/1034454-437.stm">http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10040/1034454-437.stm</a><br />
<br />
Archaeology Dude's discussion:<br />
<a href="http://archaeologydude.blogspot.com/2010/02/industrial-archaeology-race-against.html">http://archaeologydude.blogspot.com/2010/02/industrial-archaeology-race-against.html</a>Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-43862106623099175572010-02-15T20:54:00.001-05:002010-02-15T20:54:53.465-05:00Call for Papers<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<h4 style="font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">I think this is a great opportunity for someone from an industrial archaeology background to overview current research in IA on quarries and industry...</span></h4><h4 style="font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">---</span></h4><h4 style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Fro</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">m </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.ucd.ie/archdata/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #551a8b; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;" target="_blank">Gabriel Cooney</a>:</span></h4><h4 style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Call for Papers: World Archaeology's special issue on stone mines and quarries</span></h4><h4 style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> New approaches to stone mines and quarries; materials and materiality<br />
A forthcoming issue of <i>World Archaeology</i> (Vol 43 No. 2)<br />
<br />
Submission by September 2010 for publication in June 2011. </span></h4><h4 style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
It is now over twenty five years since the publication of a World Archaeology issue on stone quarries (WA 16.2). Since that time our understanding of the significance of the recognition, extraction and production of artifacts from particular stone sources has changed dramatically. Analytical approaches allied to the application of a range of scientific techniques have facilitated the discrimination of the use of sources, the tracking of the process of working stone, the nature and scale of production zones and the geographical extent of movement of objects. These advances have been matched by a recognition that in the past stone was not viewed as neutral and inert but rather as animate, alive, with rich symbolic potential and that is useful to think in terms of objects having cultural biographies. The extraction and working of particular stone sources formed an active medium in the creation of identities and memory in a range of social contexts and practices. The value of relating and linking the human working of and engagement with stone at different scales, from the microlithic to the megalithic, is increasingly being recognised. Quarries occur in specific locations but rather than categorising them as peripheral, industrial sites when they are evaluated in the context of the symbolic value placed on stone from particular sources and places in social landscapes, their wider importance can be appreciated. Papers are invited which consider these themes and in particular how advances in investigative approaches have contributed to our understanding of the social role and significance of the working and use of stone in the past. </span></h4>Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-76850600779368027632010-01-10T10:39:00.000-05:002010-01-10T10:39:45.703-05:00Update from the Society for Historical Archaeology meetingHello everyone,<br />
<br />
I'm in the Jacksonville Airport, waiting for the first leg of my flight home to the Keweenaw. I was at the annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology this week, staying at the beautiful Amelia Island Plantation in sunny (but cold) Florida.<br />
<br />
I had a chance to see a number of great Industrial Archaeology research papers, including five or six related to salt production in the United States and in the Maya cities of Belize. I also visited <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Plantation">Kingsley Plantation</a> on St. George Island. It was a great site with a fascinating historical story, and they excavated the sugar mill last year! The NPS page for the plantation and the ecological preserve is <a href="http://www.nps.gov/TIMU/index.htm">here</a>.<br />
<br />
I also got to talk with many MTU IA Alumni about projects and current research. After the semester gets going, I'm going to post a few updates about their activities. It was good to see everyone!Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-11408961493043480642009-12-13T21:49:00.000-05:002009-12-13T21:49:52.099-05:00I'm dreaming of an IA Christmas....The Lego company has come out with a series of toys surrounding <a href="http://powerminers.lego.com/en-us/default.aspx">mining</a>... Can you say stocking stuffers? I don't see a Eco-friendly protestor or Green Energy Lobbyist character, however.Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16465655.post-89857377912994559262009-12-12T15:34:00.002-05:002009-12-12T15:40:02.080-05:00Ph.D. Hood awarded, Industrial Heritage and ArchaeologyCameron Hartnell received his Ph.D. hood in today's mid-winter graduation ceremony at Michigan Technological University. Dr. Hartnell is the second person to earn his Ph.D. in Industrial Heritage and Archaeology, finishing right after Bode Morin. Drs. Hartnell and Morin began their doctoral studies four years ago as the first cohort to enter the new degree program.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj57qhTdDf4f_eqnCfxq4jI-ChpscOEQcSMdG0SFxYYcKBOTOhGnL5hdjLA9T9srA6hLunNUHhsHOFblJOA9zKQjRtZe094wQFH3JWs76j06nNWXmmxxOCDP67qAB-EIhVHPO2EzA/s1600-h/DrHartnell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj57qhTdDf4f_eqnCfxq4jI-ChpscOEQcSMdG0SFxYYcKBOTOhGnL5hdjLA9T9srA6hLunNUHhsHOFblJOA9zKQjRtZe094wQFH3JWs76j06nNWXmmxxOCDP67qAB-EIhVHPO2EzA/s320/DrHartnell.jpg" /></a><br />
</div>(Left to right: Jackie Huntoon, dean of the Graduate School; Dr. Cameron Hartnell; Dr. Elizabeth Norris, Dr. Patrick Martin. Photo courtesy of Erik Nordberg, University Archivist, Michigan Tech Archives and Copper Country Historical Collection, J. R. Van Pelt and Opie Library.)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Patrick Martin's hooding of Cameron Hartnell included symbols that went far beyond the normal significance of academic regalia. Dr. Martin is the chair of the Department of Social Sciences and was Dr. Hartnell's dissertation advisor. He led a group of students from Michigan Technological University on a study of coal mining on the arctic island of <a href="http://www.svalbardarchaeology.org/">Svalbard</a>, as part of a <a href="http://www.lashipa.nl/">international team of researchers</a>. Cameron wrote his dissertation about the Arctic Coal Company's mine at Spitsbergen and one of the primary characters in his research was Scott Turner, the mine engineer and a Michigan Tech alumnus. </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
While digging through <a href="http://www.lib.mtu.edu/mtuarchives/ms031-Spitsbergen.aspx">60 boxes</a> of Scott Turner's papers and Arctic Coal Company records at the Michigan Technological University archives, Dr. Hartnell found that Turner's descendants had included the engineer's hood from when MTU awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1932. Cameron asked the university to honor Turner by allowing Dr. Martin use Turner's hood during the graduation ceremony.<br />
<br />
The <i>Daily Mining Gazette</i> featured a nice <a href="http://mininggazette.com/page/content.detail/id/507841.html?nav=5006">story</a> and photo about Dr. Hartnell. Michigan Tech all issued a <a href="http://www.mtu.edu/news/stories/2009/december/story20829.html">press release</a> about the planned event.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hartnell's hooding today was a wonderful event. Congratulations to him and kudos for including such an elegant and tangible example of the power of heritage!Timothy James Scarletthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07496132468916301529noreply@blogger.com0